Civil War Confederate Pension Records Online

Impact Of Slavery On The Slave Institution - 3481 Words

1. What assessments can be made about antebellum slavery when subjected to an external economic analysis of the institution? To answer this question, you must first identify six economic factors/forces that had an impact on either the slave institution generally and/or the slave, specifically, and then describe the specific detail the specific impact of effect on the slave. The assessments that can be made about antebellum slavery was that it is period of time where slaves began to increase in demand. From the 1790 to 1860, the expansion of slavery was dramatic. This is because there were several external economic forces that had an impact on the slave institution. These economic factors that had an impact on the slave institution were slavery as an economic system, business cycle, agroeconomics, technology innovations, legal apparatus, and human factors. Slaves in an economic system were treated as properties, which also increase profitability to the slave owners. As the demands for cotton from Europeans and the expansion of cotton South of the United States lead to an increase in demands for slaves. This is due to the Louisiana Purchase at 1803, which marks the cotton kingdom. In addition to that, they were also seen as profitable because they were able to provide labor for other tasks as well such as other produces. The cost also is not much either to provide them their basic necessities. This is important because it motivates slave owners to use their profits inShow MoreRelatedSlavery And Its Impact On The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery dates back to as early as 1760 BC. It is defined as the condition of a slave; in bondage . A slave is a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. It fiendishly raised its repugnant head amongst many cultures and nations around the world. Many people viewed slavery as immoral and some viewed it as a necessary evil. However evil, it may have been, it did have a tremendous impact on shaping the United States, particularly the South. From the period of 1800 toRead MoreSlavery1001 Words   |  5 Pages Slavery was like an addiction that the south could not break. Although it provided economic benefits to both the north and the south, the addiction or â€Å"curse† bound the people to the downfalls of slavery as well. Slavery created an oligarchy of which a small aristocracy of slave-owners would dominate political, economic, and social affairs of both blacks and whites. The institutions negative impact on the South, and even the entire nation would eventually lead to a great tragedy: the civil war.Read MoreSlavery And The United Stat es872 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution, slavery and discussion on whether it should be implemented or illegal dominated the development of the United States. These different views on slavery were the main reason for the Civil War and there is no argument about it. Without slavery, it would not have happened only because there was continuous bickering back and forth. Slavery is a major issue and faced the states, both the North and South wanted to do what they could to either protect or protest what they believed in. The slave stateRead MoreEssay American Slavery938 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Slavery 1619-1877 Book Report History 1050 6/18/2013 â€Æ' Introduction â€Å"American Slavery, 1619-1877† by Peter Kolchin gives an overview of the practice of slavery in America between 1619 and 1877. From the origins of slavery in the colonial period to the road to its abolition, the book explores the characteristics of slave culture as well as the racial mind-sets and development of the old South’s social structures. This paper is divided in two sections. The firstRead MoreTwelve Years a Slave756 Words   |  4 PagesFor a long time the general Southern opinion about the institution of slavery was positive in a sense that slavery civilized the slaves and that made them content. Solomon Northup’s narrative, though, reveals the real impact upon slaves, which stays on the opposite side of the argument, if such could possibly exist, whether such institution consisted of chains, violence, and ignorance of basic and natural human rights could possibly provide any benefits at all for the enslaved. By the 19th centuryRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On American South And Its Entire Population Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Between 1800 and 1865, slaves lived in the Southern States and worked in the tobacco, wheat, rice, corn and cotton plantations. Essentially, slavery was an economic institution with far-reaching benefits to slaveholders, since the value of slave labor was considerably more than the cost of their maintenance. Demands for democratization, respect for human dignity and American Civil War presented a major turning point in the institution of slavery as farmers turned to lesser labor-intensive productionRead MoreSlavery Was A Justified Institution889 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery was a justified institution in America during most of the 19th century with those supporting it arguing it was a positive good and an economic stabilizer. Southern whites were dependent on slave labor for their economy and were willing to fight, by any means necessary, in order to keep the right to own slaves. Proslavery whites launched a defensive against slavery, which included referring to the Constitution as fair legal justification for their practices, stating the Bible supported itRead MoreBlack Slavery : An Essential Part Of The American Economy1744 Words   |  7 Pages During the 1800s, black slavery was an essential part of the American economy. Abolitionism, a movement existing concurrently with the institution of slavery, arose aiming to eradicate the practice of slavery and to provide equal rights for black Americans. Determined abolitionists turned to literature, activism, and progressive action to work toward their goal. Extreme abolitionists even went was far as participating illegally in a network of northbound trails located in the south whichRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagespicture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison left no stone unturned when describing the i mpact slavery on had the life of slaves. She dove deeper than the surfaceRead MoreAn Empire for Slavery Book Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesCampbells An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas provides in an in depth look at the slavery existence in the state of Texas. He provides the factors that explain the establishment and growth of slavery. Campbell also explains the economic and legal institution of Texas, and explores the physical and psychological effects of both slaves and their masters prior to the Civil War, during, and after emancipation. Campbell provides clear detail of slaverys impact on Texas slaveholders

The Economic Schools Of Thought - 1445 Words

Freshwater Economics Macroeconomic schools of thought would be prudent to accept certain aspects of the views of other schools of thought to better understand the scope of economic efficiency through the use of various models aimed at understanding the implications that all actions affect outcome. Like other economic schools of thought, Freshwater developed from previous schools of thought as new macroeconomic ideas were discussed and disputed. Neoclassical synthesis was a postwar movement in economics that absorbed the macroeconomic theories of John Maynard Keynes and the theories of neoclassical economics to formulate a synthesis of Keynesian macroeconomics and neoclassical microeconomics. John Hicks developed this theory, presenting it in 1937 and mathematical economist Paul Samuelson coined the term â€Å"synthesis† in his influential textbook, Economics. Representing such adaptations that helped shape consumer decision making and consumer theory, neoclassical synthesis o riginally focused on microeconomics using a comprehensive mathematics framework. Unforeseen at the time, it laid the groundwork as the first step towards Freshwater economics. The second step was led by Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek at the University of Chicago. While Friedman worked on re-writing our understanding of The Great Depression, he intended to show that monetary policy by the central bank was at fault, implying that a laissez-faire government fiscal policy would have been betterShow MoreRelatedEconomics : The Economic Thought Schools2009 Words   |  9 PagesThe Economic Thought Schools: From the Beginning to the Present Some economists believe that economics is the study of the universe and how everything in it works. Since economics still has not answered the question of how to make the world perfect, there is no right way to run an economic system. This means everyone has different opinions of what the economy is and how it should be managed. The world can agree on one part of economics though. It is primarily based on money, jobs, production, andRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1151 Words   |  5 Pages1) List three key concepts from the Keynesian School of economic thought: (25 points) At least one concept must describe the management of aggregate demand. a. The primary concept of the Keynesian School of economic thought revolved around the management of aggregate demand. The author of this idea, John Maynard Keynes, believed the economy was fundamentally unable to sustain itself at full employment. One of his proposed solutions to this was for the government to intervene to increase aggregateRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1948 Words   |  8 Pagesprosperity they have been recognized and titled as the Keynesian School of Economic Thought as this is a theory believing aggregate demand is influenced by public and private economic decisions. There is also the Monetarism School of Economic Thought which focuses on how the money supply has an effect on the economy and tries to have a stability in price level. A third theory also considered very important is the Austrian School of Economic Though as this theory is a believer of logical thinking withoutRead MoreStigin It To The Man: George Stigler788 Words   |  4 Page smany of our currently used economic principles. Stigler taught at the University of Chicago, where he worked closely with Milton Freidman. George Stigler was said to be quite brilliant in his field and yet, he kept a confident wit about himself that was said to help his students enjoy and understand economics. (Sowell) Comparatively, Stigler was a sort of renascence man in the economic field, as he was well studied, versatile, and involved in many facets of economic thought. Stigler’s drive to disputeRead MoreThe Classical School And The Neoclassic1702 Words   |  7 Pagess Economy as it relates to Classical and Neoclassical Thought Economic thoughts and theories are constantly evolving. One reason being is the growth and evolution of humans and systems. This constant change often brings about greater economics challenges. Thus, we can strongly contend to the fact that the state of today’s economic isn’t as found in the 18th or 19th and so on. Moreover, economic theorists presented with these robust economic challenges often time build up on each other. That isRead MoreMilton Friedman Vs. Monetarism1580 Words   |  7 Pagesseparated by different schools of thought. There’s many schools of thought because macroeconomics is such a complex matter. When there’s problems in the economy answers can be found in a plethora of places, because there’s so many moving parts. These moving parts of the economy are what economists use to make sense of everything. When people view some parts more important than others or find different solutions, different schools of thought become apparen t. One of these schools of thought come from the writingsRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Austrian School1251 Words   |  6 Pagesideas, giving a face to two distinct economic ideals. This CCA offered a unique opportunity to understand this conflict, an experience that this paper hopes to synthesize in an effective manner. This paper will summarize the history of the Austrian School through the narrative of the speakers and show the distinctions between Hayek and Mises as discussed by Dr. Nathan Schlueter. Dr. Eugen Schulak provided the most comprehensive history of the Austrian School, a narrative that the other speakersRead MoreNeoclassical Economics Vs. Keynesian Economics1583 Words   |  7 Pagespost -Second World War growth period, which is called Golden Age of Capitalism, has a great influence in human economic history. During the period of time, a great many of the capitalist countries have dramatically increased their economy and prosperity, such as United State which has a substantially economic expansion at an average rate of 3.5% annually between 1945 and 1970. Economic growth may be resulted by deregulation of market, rise of automotive manufacture and industrialization which contributeRead MoreClassical School Of Thought And The Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 PagesClassical school of thought dates back to the Enlightenment movement and the Industrial Revolution during the eighteenth century, where secularization started to happen resulting in changes on the way o f thinking and analyzing daily life. Adam Smith, also known as the father of economics, wrote An Enquiry into the causes of the Wealth of the Nations in 1776, where he discusses how the wealth of a nation is measured (by GDP), division of labor and lastly, introduces the invisible hand that controlsRead MoreA Healthy Constitution And Food For Thought981 Words   |  4 PagesHealthy Constitution and Food for Thought (and for Credit), the authors deliberate the troubles in today’s society with over processed and unhealthy foods. A Healthy Constitution reminds us of the economics classes that were taught several years ago and the many opportunities it provided to learn about home-cooked and fresh meals instead of driving through a drive-thru to order a processed cheeseburger. The essay Food for Thought (and for Credit) is also based in a school setting and allows us to realize

Swot Analysis My Personal Swot - 1746 Words

Introduction: This paper is my personal SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis discusses four specific categories to evaluate a project, situation or in my case my personal and professional life (Hay, Castilla, 2006). In this analysis I will look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that I need to address in my life. The concept of this type of analysis is a great way to find out ways to improve, but at the same time is a difficult task for someone like me who has a hard time outwardly expressing self attributes. That might be one of my weaknesses or threats, on the other hand it might be what makes me a good listener to others. I will refer to the SWOT analysis chart throughout this paper (figure 1.1) the list was difficult but, I feel it is pretty close to complete. STRENGTHS †¢ Ability to learn quickly †¢ Adaptable †¢ Great interpersonal skills †¢ Ability to read people and listen with intent †¢ Diverse work history within several industries †¢ Ability to lead or follow †¢ Have helpful opinions WEAKNESSES †¢ Speaking in front of large crowds †¢ Fear of failure †¢ Lacking management skills †¢ Not always self-motivated †¢ Fear of career change/unknown †¢ Not always receptive to others ideas †¢ Ability to say no †¢ Not managing time to allow for experience growth OPPORTUNITIES †¢ Volunteering †¢ Continued leadership classes †¢ Shadowing †¢ Willingness to learn †¢ Diverse work history has allowed diverse network of people THREATS †¢ Financial loss due to no management experienceShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Swot Analysis854 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. The internal factors may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknessesRead MoreMgmt 303 Wk2 Quiz797 Words   |  4 Pagesthreats. Discuss what categories of the SWOT elements of information are readily available on the Internet. What categories of data are difficult or impossible to find on the Internet? (When using the Internet, be sure to provide specific websites or URLs.) NOTE: You cannot use Wikipedia or another type of information-sharing website as a source for the SWOT.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For my SWOT analysis, I choose RR Donnelley. They are a printing company that is local to my area. The four sources that I plan toRead MoreSwot Analysis And Personality Type Testing894 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity to highlight strengths and abilities, take stock of weaknesses, and evaluate how you can reach personal goals. Methodology In order to determine how my personality and abilities are related to my degree path, I began with two different types of evaluations; a personal SWOT Analysis and a personality type assessment based on Myers Briggs Personality Test methodology. Results of the SWOT analysis and personality type testing were then compared and contrasted, developing a more in-depth understandingRead MoreBaseball Swot Analysis Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesIn regards to the baseball exercise, the SWOT analysis of baseball is as follows: Strengths †¢ Baseball is one of the most favorite professional sports in the U.S. †¢ It is highly competitive with different teams †¢ It has popular players and batting champions †¢ It has a big fan base †¢ It has loyal fans who always attend the matches Weaknesses †¢ Has inadequate means of using statistics to evaluate players †¢ Poor management and inadequate wisdom among baseball insiders Opportunities †¢ Use of numbersRead MoreCase Study : Job Management1284 Words   |  6 Pagesto have conceptual skills to have a decision making strategies and a wide view of the organization (Daft, 2014, pp.12). A manager must the ability to have human skills which has the ability to have interpersonal relationships (Daft, 2014, p.12). Analysis The top management team at Chisum Industries has a problem, choosing the right candidate for their San Antonio Office as Top Management. Harry being the prime candidate, the top management team is analyzing his character of being a nice managerRead MoreMarketing Reflective Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pageswere used such an important tools as PESTLE/PEST, SWOT Analysis, Porter’s 5 Forces and BSG Matrix. And ultimately we have been asked to write an essay. The purpose of this reflective essay is to think about findings individually of group presentation with a particular focus on the logic and rational recommendations, probable results, estimation of methods and tools. According to Jobber (2010, p.98) PESTLE or PEEST Analysis can be defined as the analysis of the political/legal, economic, ecological/physicalRead MoreRecommending a Marketing Mix for a Product or Service1604 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasted which 4Ps is better to the Pepsi and wanted more people to buy it. The thesis was compare and contrasts the Pepsi with the competitor - Coca Cola. So the report needed find some information and interview some people. The key finding was that SWOT and 4Ps is very important to the product. And the key conclusion and recommendation was the first 4Ps is better than the second one. 1.0 Introduction 2.1 State the objectives of the research I would make a marketing mix for the Pepsi. Read MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, we‘ll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we don’t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words   |  7 Pages A SWOT analysis is â€Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.†(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a person’s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreMy First Year At Pacific Lutheran University Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesDuring my first year at Pacific Lutheran University, I didn t know who I wanted to be or what I wanted to do as a career. I am an individual who has little experience of the working world. Being a sophomore student, living at home with my parents and never have had a job, this may have contributed to my lack of awareness of the amount of skills that I will need for my career and not knowing what I like or dislike in a work place. After several months of contemplating back and forth and talking

Diet Pills and Women Free Essays

How would you like to lose 10 pounds in one week? These words ring out through the media, newspapers, magazines, commercials, and many other advertisements that we are inundated in our society today. A model walks down the runway with her collar bones protruding, flat stomach, and protruding pelvic bones. When she weighs in, and is one pound over the expected weight, starves herself, or takes diet pills to shed the excess weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Diet Pills and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same pertains to young females. The desire to be thin at any cost causes physical, mental, and emotional problems. This is a lack of self-worth. It is easier to swallow a diet pill which involves no will power. Finding a diet that is right for them is not an option. They want a quick fix. Nutritionists and scientists have debated over these issues for years. Scientists have the belief that diet pills will take the weight off not acknowledging where the dangers lye. Whereas nutritionists believe that cutting out the â€Å"bad† carbohydrates and eating from the five food groups will help with healthy weight loss as opposed to taking diet pills. Eating â€Å"good† carbohydrates will make a difference in one’s weight loss. Many Doctors readily prescribe diet pills without caring about the dangerous effects they have for the person taking them. Women want to be thin, so the doctor helps them to achieve their goal. This is the mentality of many doctors; it is also for some women. Some diet pills whether prescribed or otherwise can have dangerous side effects. Most women who are desperate to lose weight do not care about the side effects, only about the weight loss. The danger of taking diet pills is that many cause emotional and physical dependence. Diet pills can also interfere with one’s metabolism. Diet pills suppress the appetite, which causes one to take in fewer calories. While taking in fewer calories, the metabolism also slows down and causes fat to store in the body. Diet pills are also associated with many health conditions such as: increased heart rate, high blood pressure, dizziness, possibility of seizures and or strokes. Even though, it is suggested to consult your doctor, many women do not care because they are desperate to lose the weight quickly. Becoming thin is the goal for the women who take the pills, they may not consult their doctor in fear that the doctor may not agree with their decision to take the diet pills. If prescribed diet pills are taken, it can help start a diet along with a healthy eating program, but too many women are not interested in doing this. They prefer to let the diet pill do the work and therefore starving themselves and their bodies. Some people do not have self- discipline to implement an eating program along with the diet pills. For example, Alli is an orilstat which when taken remains in the stomach. It does not affect the heart. When one eats any foods with fat, the Alli causes 25% of the fat to be eliminated from the body. Alli does not suppress one’s appetite. Some women want a â€Å"quick fix† when taking diet pills. However, with Alli the idea is to implement a healthy eating regiment when taking it with each meal. When Alli is taken on an empty stomach, does nothing. It must be taken with meals and is effective in helping with weight loss, as it reduces fat absorption in and requires a cut down on fat intake (around 15 grams). The only unpleasant side effects are oily discharge, loose stools and an immediate urge to have a bowel movement. This particular diet pill, Alli, is not an at risk diet pill like many of the others. It does not suppress the appetite, nor cause heart palpitations. It may take up to one year to lose the weight desired, where as taking another type of diet pill that appeases the appetite will cause a person to lose five to ten pounds in a week. However, it states that you must take a vitamin in the evening because minerals are depleted from the body. There are many people who have taken diet pills have died. There is a health risk with diet pills and should always be carefully assessed before taking them. If an individual chooses to take diet pills, doctors suggest following a healthy plan and exercising. In most cases, women, teens and young adults, do not want to take the time, but would rather pop a pill and lose weight quickly, and do not consider the ramifications in their haste. The way we look plays a big role in our lives. It determines the way that others see us and from that, it will determine how we feel about ourselves. The major issue here is our weight. We constantly see images of sexy women which remains in our minds that this is the way to look in order to be beautiful, and because of this, we subject ourselves to abusing our health and bodies just so we can look like the sexy women the media shows and we hear about constantly. Skinny is beautiful. Or at least this is what is on billboards, in magazines, and television, as most women idealize becoming thin. There are many ways to lose weight, but taking diet pills is less of an effort and more convenient a quick fix. This is what the media tells us, lose weight fast! No need to exercise. Many people think that diet pills are safe and effective, but the truth is they are not. In many cases people have died for the simple reason of wanting to lose weight fast because diet pills stimulate the nervous system, can be addictive, and can lead to abuse. The Food and Drug Administration issued a proposal that manufacturers of the diet pills include a warning to the customers about the dangers of their use. The doctor that prescribes diet pills for the safety of an individual, who is obese, also makes certain this person follows a program of exercise and healthy eating. Many doctors who dispense diet pills are careful. But, there are many who have diet clinics where all an individual needs to do is pay a fee and obtain their diet pills without a follow up. The women who are eager to lose weight quickly are in danger of hurting their bodies, especially the young females who do not research and do not care. They are only concerned with being thin and fast weight loss results. With the media screaming to the women, teens, and young adults that the only way to look beautiful is to be thin, will not hinder a woman to lose weight fast, look beautiful at any cost. The cost may result in death. How to cite Diet Pills and Women, Essay examples

International Contracting Contract Management

Question: Discuss about the International Contracting for Contract Management. Answer: A contract is an agreement that is made between two parties to the contract having the intention of being legally bound and the contract be supported by consideration. Contract makes an agreement legally enforceable by nature. For formation of a valid contract, the legal requisites such as offer, acceptance, competency and consideration should be fulfilled (Deakin Morris, 2012). The following are the legal requirements and importance of a valid contract: Offer: The offeror makes an offer to the offeree when he gives his willingness to enter into a contract. The moment the offeree accepts the offer a contract comes into existence. An offer may be made orally or in writing (McKendrick, 2014). Acceptance: Following the process of offer is acceptance. This step comes after the offeree is determined to enter into a contract with the offeror. Acceptance brings into life the contract that was formed between the parties. Intention to Create Legal Relation: This means that the parties to the contract should have a legal bent to form a legal relationship with one another. For example, merely planning to meet a friend for a party is not intention for creation of a legal relationship. A legal relationship means parties have the right to sue each other in the Court for non performance of contractual obligations. Consideration: Consideration means price of the contract that the offeree pays to the offeror at his detriment. Consideration may be in cash or in kind. A contract without consideration is regarded as void (Hillman, 2012). If the above-mentioned legal requisites are not fulfilled, a contract becomes void and unenforceable in the court of law. Thus, it is important that parties to the contract follow the legal formalities to make their contract valid and enforceable. Depending on the facts, presented in the case study, the issue that shall be discussed here is whether a valid and enforceable contract existed between Linda and Kevin. Offer and acceptance are the most important legal requirements for a valid contract. Offer means a promise to do something in return of consideration. An offer is made by the offeror while accepted by the offeree. Once the offeree accepts an offer, a contract comes into existence. However, there are many situations, which at the first instance, seems that an offer is made, yet they are simply invitation to offer or invitation to treat. Invitation to treat or offer is not an offer rather an invitation for others to make an offer so that they are able to proceed with further negotiations (Puil Weele, 2014). For example, advertisements, advertisements are invitation to offer and not an offer in itself. In the case of Pharmaceutical Society v. Boots Chemist, the Court opined that the contract was not formed when the customers decided to buy goods from the shop but when the cashier finally accepts the offer to buy the goods and receives the price from the buyer. Thus, in the case of adve rtisements, a contract is not formed unless the cashier or the person who makes the offer accepts the price of the goods advertised. In the case of Fisher v. Bell, the Court held that the display of the knife with the price tag was merely an invitation to offer and not final offer. The contract was made not when the customers saw the advertisement but when they made an offer to the shopkeeper and the customer accepted the same (Ayres Schwartz, 2014). Thus, advertisements are merely invitation to offer or treat and not a final offer. If the customer makes an offer to the person who posts the advertisement, he may accept it or reject it or may want to negotiate with the offer that one has made. This is called counter offer. Thus, the stage of negotiation is termed as counter offer. Counter offer allows the contract to reach on favourable terms of the contract for both the offeror and the offeree (Hyde v. Wrench). If a contract is in the stage of negotiation that is counter offer, a c ontract cannot be considered as valid and final unless the price of consideration is paid to the person who makes the advertisement (Ayres, 2012). Likewise, in the given case study it may be held that a valid contract did not exist between Kevin and Linda as their contract was still in the stage of negotiation and counter offer. Linda did not accept the offer of Kevin and no final settlement took place between them. The contract could have been made enforceable if Linda read Kevins message and agreed to his final decision of offer. However, in this case she did not read his message and proceeded with some other transaction. Thus, it may be said in this case, that no contract existed between Kevin and Linda. Linda shall not be held liable for breach of contract and her legal position in relation to the contract is strong. Depending on the facts in the case study, the issue that shall be discussed in the answer is whether a valid contract existed between Kevin and Linda or not? For formation of a valid contract, it is important that all the legal requirements of the valid contract be fulfilled. In the case of advertisements, offer may seem illusionary as no real offer takes place. Advertisements are merely invitation to offer and not real offer. The person who sends his response to the advertisement is considered as offer. The other person has the liberty of accepting the offer or rejecting the offer or he may negotiate with the terms of agreement (Deakin Morris, 2012). In the case of Tommy and Linda, Tommy offered Linda the price of 2000 dollars for the laptop on which Linda agreed and proceeded with the payment and delivery of the laptop. In this case, one may conclude that a valid contract existed between the two as the legal formalities such as offer, counter offer, acceptance and consideration were fulfilled. Tommy made the offer in response to the advertisement; Linda accepted the offer and proceeded to make appropriate arrangements for payment and delivery. There was interaction between the two parties to the contract via message, making it clear that the legal intention of the parties was to contract with one another. Thus, it may be concluded that a valid contract existed between Linda and Tommy. References: Ayres, I. (2012).Studies in Contract Law. Foundation Press. Ayres, I., Schwartz, A. (2014). No-Reading Problem in Consumer Contract Law, The.Stan. L. Rev.,66, 545. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. Deakin, S. F., Morris, G. S. (2012).Labour law. Hart publishing. Hillman, R. A. (2012).The richness of contract law: An analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law(Vol. 28). Springer Science Business Media. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Niu, Z. (2015). The law of damages in Chinese contract law: A comparative study of damages calculation in Chinese law, English law and the CISG, with empirical results from Chinese practice. Puil, J. V. D., Weele, A. V. (2014). Contract Law and Tort Law. InInternational Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects(pp. 285-292).

How Colorism Affected the Life of Bob Marley free essay sample

Applebee’s and his light-skinned African American supervisor. In the suit, Burch alleged that during his three months at the restaurant the manager repeatedly referred to him as â€Å"tar baby† and â€Å"black monkey†. Burch also alleged that the manager told him to bleach his skin and that he was fired when he threatened to report the man to Applebee’s head quarters. Burch was subsequently awarded $40,000 to settle the suit. Reported by Alex P. Kellogg, BET. com Staff Writer). In the case above, Burch experienced what several black scholars refer to as colorism. Colorism is discrimination within the black community based on skin tone (B. Maxwell). It is the belief that a person’s â€Å"goodness† is inversely related to the darkness (sometimes the lightness) of his/her skin. My family comes in all shades: My father dark coffee, my mother mocha, my brother milk cocoa and I’m simply cocoa. Because we lived overseas, my experience with co lorism is relatively limited. Yet I do recall family gatherings in the US where a few of my relatives would marvel over my brother and pay little attention to me. Until recently, I thought it was because he was the younger one. My mother was highly in-tune with color issues in black society. She made sure that my brother and I knew that we were equally handsome, talented and bright and that we should be there for each other. When I was about 8 years old, I remember walking into a restaurant with my mother and brother. A black waitress walked over to us and told my mother â€Å"wow, isn’t he a cute one†, pointing to my brother. My mother quickly snapped, â€Å"Don’t you mean, isn’t he a light one? † and walked us out of the restaurant, assuring us that we were equally cute. Colorism is neither new, nor exclusive to one part of the world. It affects almost every black person directly and indirectly. My paper looks at the ways Bob Marley’s mixed heritage subjected him to the positive and adverse effects of colorism in Jamaica and the United States. I will examine the ways in which the colorism Bob faced as a youth, affected his decisions to adopt the religion of Rastafari and raise his fist for black power. The roots of colorism can be traced back to the days of slavery where white slave masters would rape their African slaves who then bore children of â€Å"mixed† skin color. These children were typically disliked by the African slaves, and later the African Americans because their light-skin reflected the absence of some of the, so-called, â€Å"negative† traits of blackness that the oppressors had associated with evil and inferiority (K. Michelle Scott, 1). Many dark-skinned black people had absorbed and internalized these negative messages and thus light-skinned blacks were often thought to be smarter, prettier and superior to those of darker skin (K. Michelle Scott, 1). Public policy and societal tendencies, however, would make being light-skinned in Jamaica different from America. In the United States, the government was aware of the fact that miscegenation would soon bring into question the ethics of slavery. In order to avert this, they ruled that one-drop of black blood was enough to make a person â€Å"Black† in the eyes of society. This meant that light-skinned blacks were given no alternative but to identify as black. In Jamaica, however, such laws were not adopted by the government. White slaveholders typically recognized their biracial children and arranged for them to study in Europe (Stephens 167). Gradually, a â€Å"brown† level emerged between black and white. Successful Brown Jamaicans typically distanced themselves from their â€Å"inferior† black counterparts by living in exclusively brown areas. Though Bob grew up in Jamaica, he had little contact with his father and was reared by his mother in the predominantly black Trench town slum. Bob’s environment provided biracial children next to none of the social privileges that they could have in other parts of the country. And Bob was often ridiculed by his peers for not being black enough. The authors of Songs of Freedom write: â€Å"Considered a white boy, his complexion would often bring out the worst in people: after all, why was this boy from ‘country’ living down in the ghetto and not uptown with all the other light skin people† (Boot and Salewicz, 63)? It was this anti-mulatto sentiment Bob experienced growing up, that made him desperate to prove himself as a black man. Author, Scott Gurtman, believes that Bob’s experience with colorism defined his career as it made young Bob Marley strive to become a black icon. Once again I emphasize the fact that Bob Marley’s experiences with colorism are not isolated. Color prejudice has been affecting black men and women for decades. In addition, colorism has been the theme of several African American poets and screen writers. The following passage is taken from a poem by Maya Angelou. â€Å"Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day I woke out of my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blond, would take the place of the kinky mass that Momma wouldn’t let me straighten? . . Because I was really white and because a cruel fairy stepmother , who was understandably jealous of my beauty, had turned me into a too-big negro girl, With nappy black hair, broad feet, And a space between her teeth that could hold a number two pencil. † -MAYA ANGELOU I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Countless Black girls in the United States share the fantasy of being White (Russel, Wilson and Hall, 41). How could they not, in a society whose ideal beauty is blond, with pale-skin and blue or green eyes – everything an average black girl lacks. Though several black men have felt the effects of their dark skin, dark-skinned females have suffered far more. A dark-skinned man can use intelligence to compensate for his â€Å"unfortunate coloring† if he becomes financially stable he will be able to marry a light-skinned female, thereby improving his social status and that of his children (Russel, Wilson and Hall, 42). A dark-skinned black woman, however, may feel that she has nothing to offer society no matter how intelligent she is. According to psychiatrists William Grier and Price Cobbs, authors of Black Rage, every American Black girl experiences some degree of shame about her appearance. Many try to achieve the â€Å"white† or â€Å"more presentable look† by devoting hours to painful hair combing rituals and as they grow older they start to use products designed to straighten kinky, unruly hair and to bleach dark skin. Some blacks even resort to surgery to alter their African features. For a few thousand dollars, an undesirable nose can be made arrower; a couple more thousand dollars can provide a chemical peel, permanently making the skin lighter. Bob Marley was also insecure about his look, yet instead of desiring a more European look he desperately wanted to appear â€Å"Blacker†. Rita Marley explains that he would often ask her to rub shoe polish into his hair to make it darker. In addition, Bob would lie in the sun for hours to darken his skin. For reasons contrary to those of the y oung black girls in America, Bob felt that his complexion and euro-features were not attractive. In 1962, Bob entered a relationship with a young girl from Trenchtown called Esther. His mother Cedella recalls, â€Å"†¦this little girl, living in the same yard. They were in love. Bob give me sign and I saw her pass Sledger (Marley’s cousin) a love note for him. † The relationship ended abruptly because Esther’s older brother was wary of Bob’s mixed heritage and light complexion. Cedella explains that â€Å"Her brother say to Bob, ‘We don’t want no white man in our breed. ’ Her family kill off the romance. Them style Bob as a white man. That made a difference in our yard. Several other light-skinned blacks share similar painful experiences. In an episode called Blackaphobia, VHI posed the question, â€Å"why is it that some of the most militant, most angry, most threatening blacks have also been the ones with the fairest skin? † Bob Marley, Malcolm X and Angela Davis were used as examples. Russell, Wilson and Hall tried to answer this question in their 1992 book, The Color Complex. They explain that by the time African – Americans become teenagers they have developed well-defined stereo types about skin color. Charles H. Parrish was one of the first people to explore the nature of racial stereotyping among black children. He found that in the 1940s, black junior-high students used as many as 145 words to describe skin color, including, â€Å"yaller†, â€Å"high yellow†, â€Å"fair†, â€Å"red-bone†, â€Å"light brown† â€Å"medium brown†, â€Å"dark brown†, â€Å"chocolate†, â€Å"dark†, â€Å"ink spot†, and tar baby†. Each term was associated with a particular stereotype. Light to medium skin tones were usually linked to intelligence and refinement, while dark skin tones suggested toughness, meanness and physical strength (Russell, Wilson, Hall, 66). Some light-skinned Black males try to compensate by exaggerating their masculinity and acting tough and streetwise (Russell, Wilson, Hall, 66). In an article in Essence magazine, entitled â€Å"Who is Black†, writer Itabari Njeri, describes the plight of his cousin Jeffrey, who looked liked singer Ricky Nelson, but wanted to be â€Å"The baddest nigger on the block†. Jeffrey ended up dying young on the streets as he tried to prove he was not the â€Å"enemy†. And, Michael Marriott, a reporter for the New York Times wrote an article recounting his experiences growing up as a light-skinned African American in the sixties. He explains that â€Å"black cool dictated [his] every rhythm†. Throughout high school Marriott sported a large Afro, bodacious swagger, and high-top Converse shoes. He also developed an obsession with black music, dance moves and an ability to cite Malcolm X flawlessly. He writes: â€Å"A light-skinned teenager could not afford to get caught slipping when it came to the required black behavior [and] if you did you were very likely to get stoned with the hardest rock in a black teenager’s rhetoric arsenal: Someone might call you a whiteboy†. In Jamaica, a teenage Bob Marley faced similar plight. His wife Rita Marley recalls that Kingston â€Å"toughs† would taunt Bob on account of his absent white father (Stephens, 169). â€Å"Having come through this white father caused such difficulties that he’d want to kill himself, she says. † She then explains that Bob was â€Å"lost in that: not being able to have anyone to say it’s not your fault, or that there’s nothing wrong in being like you are†. In an attempt to dodge the â€Å"tragic mulatto syndrome† Bob did everything in his power to â€Å"act black†. As a young adolescent he adopted the rebel, or â€Å"rude boy† attitude. And developed close relations with various neighborhood gunmen and Rude Boys (Davis 48). Bob was considered tough and often feared; his rough persona helped him establish himself as the â€Å"ultimate champion of the Rude Boys† when he and the Wailers released Rude Boy in 1965 (Davis 51). As Bob grew older, however, the â€Å"Rude boy† fad started to disappear and he once again started to get lost; confused about where he stood racially. He desperately needed a new ideology that would solidify his stance as a black man to himself and those around him. This ideology came in the form of the religion of Rastafari (Davis 72). Marley privately converted to Rastafarianism in 1966 (Davis 72). Here was a â€Å"black religion that held that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was the black king whom Marcus Garvey had prophesied would deliver redemption for the black race† (Davis 62). By adopting Rastafarianism, Bob was telling himself, and the world, that he was a black African. He grew his hair into dreadlocks and incorporated Rastafarian teaching and ideals into his songs; eventually establishing himself as a black Rastafarian prophet in his own right. Though colorism helped motivate Bob Marley to become the Legend that he is today, it is definitely a highly destructive issue. Unfortunately, we are not at a point where black people freely address the issue. Bringing up colorism is frequently regarded asâ€Å"airing dirty laundry†. For those who believe that certain matters are better left unsaid, maybe I have. However, for those who have the legitimate belief that if Whites know about colorism in the black community they may take comlaints of white racism less seriously. Some whites may declare â€Å"If Blacks cant take care of their own problems with discrimination how can they expect us to do any better? † While, such reaction are possible. The only way to truly deal with colorism is by accepting that it exists and adressing it head on. Unfortnately, because colorism is multi-faced and deeply rooted in the nation’s history it is not subject to a â€Å"quick fix†. Yet if black parents were to teach their children about colorism and how to react to it, and Americans of all races were to work together to dispel racial stereotypes we could greatly minimize the damage of colorism on future generations. Works cited: Davis, Stephen. Bob Marley. Doubleday Company, Inc. : Garden City, New York, 1985. Stephen’s book is a biography that describes Bob’s life from childhood to adulthood. This book was especially useful because it drew parallels between Bob’s childhood experiences with colorism and his adult decisions. In addition, it allowed me to find examples from Bob’s life to justify my assertions, i. e. his rudeboy phase. I felt that because it covered so much material it lacked some justification and I felt that the author could have expanded on some of his theories. Gurtman, Scott. The Influence of Bob Marleys Absent, White Father. Retrieved, April 19 from: http://debate. vm. edu/dreadlibrary/gurtman02. htm This was another informative piece. Gurtman’s paper addresses the affect that Norval Marley’s desertion had on his son Bob Marley. The paper suggests that many of Bob’s decisions stemmed from the scar left by his father’s rejection. I contrasted Gurtman’s belief with my thesis, that the majority of Bob’s decisions were a result of the colorism he felt growing up. Maxwell, Bill. The Paper Bag Test. Times Staff Writer  © St. Petersburg Times, published August 31, 2003 Bill Maxwell is a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times and he reported the case of Dwight Burch vs. Applebee’s. I used this case to start my paper because I felt that it would captivate the readers, encouraging them to learn more about the history of colorism and ultimately how it affected Bob Marley. Colorism goes far beyond Bob Marley and it still very alive today using modern examples allowed me to show this in my paper. Russell, Kathy, Midge Wilson and Ronald Hall. The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992. 200 pp. This book was very important for my paper because it analyzed color-discrimination in the black community. Colorism is still very alive today and it has several manifestations. Colorism affects the relationships/friendships people chooses to their career choices and public persona. I wanted my paper to draw a connection between modern colorism and the colorism that Bob faced in his life. This book gave me many of the details I needed to learn about and later address modern day colorism. S